Group2:The Evolution of Cell Phones by Randy, Lisa, Damy, Alessandra, Long, Dixie

Group Members
Long Doan, Randy Luu, Lisa Maysenholder, Dixie Serrano, Damy Tsao, Alessandra Unrau

Topic
In this wiki, we will be discussing the evolution of mobile phones since the beginning, present, and what we expect in the future. We will have a timeline chronologically signifying important and significant discoveries of mobile phones. We will discuss the social impact phones have on society and compare how they imply to developed and under-developed countries. In the project, we will explain the development of cell phones, the various types available to consumers, and even help identify some brands that have gained popularity throughout the years to help a consumer. Also, we will talk about the targeted age groups companies are now focusing on. Finally, we would like to discuss what the future has in store for both mobile phones and their consumers.

Argument
Since the invention of mobile phones we have seen numerous advancements technology. There have been major breakthroughs as we progress into making more efficient, stylist, and small phones. In this wiki, there will be definitions from telecommunication and technology.

Timeline
Significant discoveries and comparison of modern to past

1908 – 887 357 phones were patented in the United States to “cave radios” an old term which refers to cellular telephony (as we understand it now)

Two-way radios were the beginning of cellular telecommunications – these were used in emergency vehicles such as, ambulances, police cars, as well as taxi cabs.

1940s - Motorola introduced the “Walkie-Talkie”, a two-way radio or handheld transceiver.

1956 - Ericsson developed the first fully automatic mobile telephone system MTA 160MHz, which lasted until 1967. There was a disadvantage to this innovation, it weighed about 90lbs.

1965 – The walkie- talkie was patented when the mobile phone came into play MTB, the MTB was a modified version of the MTA which included transistorized mobile sets (these helped increase electronic signals) the advantage of this upgrade was that it weighed only 20lbs compared to the MTA

1960s - There were many attempts to revolutionize the mobile phone

1969 – 3 449 750 phones were patented in the United states for wireless cellular telephony

1973 - First Handheld mobile phone was invented by Motorola researcher Martin Cooper

1996 – The Nokia 9000C was the first smart phone to be released, phones that followed this trend are, Blackberries, Sony Ericsson Walkman, Nokia N-S and Apple iPhone 1G is a common acronym which refers to the First Generation wireless telephone technology which began in the 70s.

* It wasn’t until the 80s that cellular phones popularized with the creation of cellular network. Cellular networks had many advantages such as: Increasing network capacity, lower power use, and battery power.

2G refers to the Second Generation of mobile phones, during the 90s, this introduced SMS. (short message service, i.e. Text Messaging)2G was mainly built for voice data and had very slow transmission.

* First SMS was sent 1991 in the UK   * 1993 first SMS which was sent from one person to another

3G offered more enhanced network through Spectral Efficiency a system of digital communication measured bitz/Hz or how efficient a limited frequency is used. This introduced voice messaging service, video text messaging, video calls, and broadband wireless data. 3G was first launched 1991 in Japan. America than released a 3G network in 2003 by Monet Mobile Networks a wireless internet service provider.

* There was close to 3 million subscribers of 3G users by the end of 2007, and also generated over 120 billion dollars in revenues in the same year

2009 – Standard charger for mobile phones is created, 17 manufactures have agreed to adopt it. This will increase the efficiency of charging phones

Summary: Overall the advancement of cellular phones through years has been significantly important in the way consumers view the use of technology. Cell phones have seen many changes, from weighing 90lbs to virtually weighing 1/2lbs. New technology is being introduced to cell phones every day and with increase demands from consumers we have seen things such as, video text, video calling, text messaging, wireless e-mail, internet, downloading, and the inclusion of memory cards and increase of networking expand significantly. SIM cards are also a significant innovation which makes it fairly easy to switch phones and maintain your personal information such as, your name and number ID, contact list, text messages and much more other information. Cellular phones from the 60s even until early 90s did not have the capacity of holding such information. Modern day cell phones have proven that technology has allowed for more efficient ways of expanding the Telecommunicationscommunity

Social Implications In Developed Countries
The invention of the mobile phone has been one of the most explosive developments to have ever taken place, and it has had a significant impact on society. Mobile phones have offered tremendous advantages such as added convenience, greater personal security, and the ability to do business on the move. Not only has it allowed us to stay connected, it also offers numerous functions such as SMS text messaging, access to the internet, and with phone service providers it is possible to download additional contents to your mobile device. This ease of communication has also proven to give staff employed in various industries greater advantages, making them more efficient and reliable. With all these additional functions cell phone users can stay informed as they are able to access endless amounts of information, provided throughout the internet. Cellular phones have also made it possible for people to improve several aspects of life, additional functions that these phones provide allow users to manage their time more efficiently, keep themselves entertained, and ensure their own safety. Mobile phones have given the users a greater sense of freedom, and increased security. Mobile phone owners are able to contact (or be contacted by) friends and family at almost anytime and anywhere, this enables them to keep in touch with their close ones and keeps them updated on their status and whereabouts. In emergency situations, it is extremely easy and convenient to contact friends, family or personnel for help. Many of the technological advancements that take place oftentimes contribute to improving this revolutionary device. There are dozens of cell phone brands, constantly trying to compete with one another in this ever-growing industry. These brands have generated numerous positions for employment, and will continue to grow as long as there is still room for improvements to these practical devices.

The creation of mobile phone has also produced some social concerns as well, such as the disruption of the environment, health and safety issues, and social changes that present us with privacy issues. Of all disadvantages the mobile phone generates, the most problematic has to be its effect on the environment. Due to these environmental setbacks, efforts to reduce these problems have resulted in the implementation of zoning laws, property rights, and environmental obligation. In the modern day, mobile phones have become an essential necessity that many people wish to own, and as a result companies have made them more affordable for the public to obtain. With more and more people owning these devices an evident problem has arisen, that is the problem of inappropriate phone use in public places such as, quiet places or places where others are in close proximity, and may overhear conversations in which they may find an annoyance. Some owners of cell phones occasionally get caught up in conversations, which may cause them to lose focus and be put in a dangerous situation. For example, talking on the phone while driving will inhibit their ability to drive properly and in such an event, it could lead to a serious accident. This said, organizations are taking steps to promote proper phone etiquette, and are doing so by practicing the policies that requires phone owners to turn off their phones while in attendance of meetings, weddings, churches, quiet nature reserves, many entertainment venues, and even while shopping in stores. Furthermore, health issues caused by the use of mobile phones have also been of huge concerns. Although it is still inconclusive, others may argue that the frequent use of mobile phones can potentially cause undesirable effects such as memory loss, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, as well as brain tumours. Excessive studies have concluded that the signals cellular phones emit could affect the nerve cells responsible for short-term memory, and that excessive use of mobile phones could cause fatigue and headaches.

Social Implications In Underdeveloped Countries
The social implications of cell phones although numerous in the Developing World, are much more vast in the Underdeveloped World. In the last decade, as cell phones have been becoming more popular in the developed world, they have also gained popularity in the underdeveloped world. Implications from the increase in mobile use have effected all aspects of society; politically, socially and economically.

Many Non-Governmental Organizations(NGO's) and Aid Agencies have adopted the use of cell phones as a way of leapfrogging leapfrogging (jumping over traditional steps in the development process) countries into higher stages of development. According to a study done by Vodaphone, mobile use in Africa is skyrocketing; more that three times as many Africans have cell phones in comparison to landlines. Thus, an increasing number of cell phone manufacturers have caught on to this drift and have been developing cheaper phones to suit the demand of the developing nations. Currently Philips has designed a headset whose production cost is a mere $20. In 2003, Kenya saw its largest electoral turnout, due to the use of cell phones in the political campaigning process, as well as at the poll stations. This can be argued as the fairest election in Kenya. To westerners, the use of mobiles during the election campaign is not uncommon, and perhaps is relatively insignificant, yet it seeps with innovation from the African community’s perspective. The campaigners could keep tabs on one another and keep an eye out for fraud. In the actual election process, final vote tallies were phoned, rather than shipped, which greatly reduced the occurrence of votes being tampered with.

The introduction of Cell Phones, especially those with relatively easy access to the internet has completely transformed the economics of many underdeveloped communities and nations. In the past the system of purchasing goods from a farmer and the ways in which the products found themselves on the market could have possibly gone like this:

1.	A Farmer decides a price they want to sell their goat for.

2.	Someone from the city comes to their village and knows the Global Market Price, or the price at which a goat is being sold internationally, but does not share this information with the Farmer, and instead barters down the price of the goat.

3.	The Farmer, knowing nothing better, sells the goat for a fraction of its worth. The man from the city then goes and sells this goat for the Global Market Price, and keeps all the profit for themselves.

With the introduction of mobile phone, and its access to the internet, Local Farmers now have access to the Global Market Prices and are no longer screwed over by the middle man in the market. They are earning what they are worth, and therefore increasing their standard of living. Although the increase in cell phone distribution and popularity has had many positive effects for these Third World Countries, it has also had some critically negative effects as well. For instance, the production process of these phones is an extremely political and corrupt market.

With the recent boom in the technology industry, including mobile phones, the mining of natural resources to create these products has exploded. The mining of Coltan, a rare columbium-tantalite ore, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo has created a viciously blood-tainted black market and continues to lead the country into more unrest. Coltan is refined into tantalum powder which is then used to make heat-resistant capacitors in cell phones; it is what allows computers, iPods, Blackberrys, Playstations, wireless systems, DVD players and cell phones to process information at increasingly higher speeds, while still keeping the product small and compact. A pound of Coltan will sell for easily over 400$ in the black market, combined with the fact that 80% of the world reserves of Coltan are located in the Congo has given Coltan the name “Black Gold”. The illegal trafficking of Coltan in the Congo, has made thousands of children labourers. Children are forced into these mines, often suffering broken bones, lost limbs, rape and abuse, as children are dying from unsafe working conditions, starvation and diseases caught on their mining sites. In 2006, the U.S. Department of Labour listed Congo as the country with "The Worst Forms of Child Labor." Not all children are forced into the mining of Coltan as it is estimated that 30% of schoolchildren leave their schooling behind in the high hopes of gaining a profit from this industry.

Another unfortunate truth about the cell phone industry, along with the technological race of the current century is the idea of Planned Obsolescence, where products are designed to break down and be replace frequently or are created to need constant updating and improvement, is its creation of extreme amounts of electronic waste, which is referred to as E-waste E-waste. In North America, we never see the effects of our constant technological changes, upgrades and improvements, yet those in underdeveloped countries are faced with these problems constantly.

Perhaps one of the more heart wrenching aspects of the mobile industry today is that mobile phone users continue to blindly buy products that are associated with crimes such as murder, torture and rape.

Conventional Phone
A mobile phone that’s primary function is to only allow the user to connect another individual through communication vocally or through SMS (short message service). They now also include basic applications like the alarm clock and calculator.

Camera Phone
In additional feature to a conventional phone would be an attached camera. It allows users to take photographs and record videos directly onto their phone. The majority of phones manufactures produce now include a camera attached to the phone, ranging from 1.2 megapixel to 10.0 megapixel. With a camera phone, phones need a slot for a removable memory card. Recent phones are now using microSD cards that can hold up to 8 gigabytes of data. Buyers generally use this to help store files, such as photographs and music, because the internal memory is typically a small storage capacity; ranging from no memory at all to 1 gigabyte.

Smartphone
A mobile phone that offers consumers advanced functions that usually involves being data-centric. The functions of a smartphone rival the functions of a PC. While smartphones offer consumers a complete set of phone functions. They also act as a personal digital assistant (PDA). A smartphone is always associated with data, one of the key components of a smart phone. With a smart phone, the consumers can sync their device to the computer while checking their emails or calendar. Many small businesses are now relying on smart phones to transfer and communicate data across workers. With data being one of the key aspects of a smart phone, users can have access to the internet depending on their data plan. Users have access to various applications that they can install and use right on to their phone. Standard applications that are included with the phone often consist of the calculator, alarm clock, calendar, and memo pad.

Touch Screen Phone
A touch screen phone has mostly the same features as a normal mobile phone. The key pad on a conventional mobile phone has been replaced with a touch interface. The touch interface allows an individual to physically decide what they want to do with a touch of their fingers. However, some manufactures have not perfected a user interface, the touch interface. The most noticeable touch screen phone available on the market would be Apple’s iPhone. Touch screen phones are now catching the eyes of many consumers, generally in teens to early twenties, with their innovative look. The first touch-screen phone was a joint venture by LG and fashion label Prada in 2007.

Nokia
Nokia was founded in Finland by Fredrik Idestam in 1865. Fredrik built a wood pulp mill in southern Finland. The name “Nokia” came a few years later when Fredrik built a second mill on the Nokianvirta River.

In 1981, the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT), the first international mobile phone network, was created. Six years later, the first NMT phone was created – the Mobira Cityman. In 1991, Nokia technology is used to make the world’s first [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM GSM] phone call. The Nokia 1101 is the first GSM handset to be released in 1992. Two years later, the Nokia Tune is applied to the Nokia 2100, a feature that allowed the user to pick ringtones. In same year, the first ever satellite call was used with a Nokia GSM handset. In 1999, the Nokia 7110 was launched as the world’s first WAP handset, allowing the internet to go mobile.

The first Nokia 3G phone was release in 2002, the Nokia 6650. Nokia ventured into the gaming industry in 2003, creating the N-Gage to allow multiplayer gaming. Nokia then focused on multimedia devices. In 2005, the Nokia Nseries was announced, allowing for music use to shooting and editing videos or even watching TV.

SAMSUNG
SAMSUNG started out in Taegu, Korea by Byung-Chull Lee on March 1, 1938. At the start of his business venture, the company was primarily focused on trade exports. SAMSUNG mainly transported Korean foods to Manchuria and Beijing. SAMSUNG being known at manufacturing televisions early on in its lifespan later went into the mobile phone industry.

In 1988, SAMSUNG Semiconductors & Telecommunications Co merged with SAMSUNG Electronics. One of the core main business lines was telecommunications. The development of a mobile phone handset was created in 1991. SAMSUNG’s first breakthrough in the wireless communications industry came in 1998. They had agreed to be an Olympic Partner during the Nagano Olympics and also a Worldwide Olympic Partner. A year later, they developed a Smartphone, a small, multi-functional phone. As the Sydney Olympics (2000) were set to begin, SAMSUNG was named the official mobile phone during the Games. The same year as the Olympics, they were set to launch PDA phones.

By 2001, SAMSUNG’s innovation led them to unveil the industry’s first ultra-slim phone. The same year, they also unveiled a 16 chord progression melody phone. The following year, SAMSUNG kept on improving their phones – adding an ultra-fine, bright liquid crystal display (UFB LCD) to offer 260,000 colours to moving pictures. In 2004, SAMSUNG gained popularity by being ranked top in mobile sales in Russia and selling over twenty million in the United States. While they struck fame, SAMSUNG created a cellular phone chip for the satellite DMB (Digital Multimedia Broadcasting) system. A technology based from the Koreans that use a digital radio transmission system to send multimedia to mobile devices. As the years continued to pass, SAMSUNG has developed the first-ever speech recognition phone (2005) and displaying a ten megapixel camera-phone to consumers (2006). With SAMSUNG’s hard work to keep up with the other manufactures in the mobile industry, they were finally rewarded as the “BlackJack” was awarded the best smart phone in 2007 and followed up by taking the number one spot in the United States in the cell phone market in 2008.

Sony Ericsson
Sony Ericsson is joint venture by Sony Corporation and Ericsson that was established on October 3, 2001. In 2002, the company agreed to stop production of CDMA phones and focus on producing GSM phones. Sony has two primary series of phones: Walkman series and Cyber-shot series. These two series have contributed to Sony Ericsson’s success as a mobile phone producer. The Walkman phones, released in 2005, are capable of playing MP3 and ACC format. The Cyber-shot phones, released in 2006, are noted for the quality of the camera in the phone.

Motorola
On September 25, 1929 Motorola was founded under the Galvin Manufacturing Corporation in Chicago by brothers Paul V. and Joseph Galvin. Motorola’s first branded product was the car radio in 1930, followed by radios for peace officers. The Galvin Manufacturing Corporation changed its name to Motorola, Inc. in 1947.

The first handheld radio produced by Motorola was the Handie-Talkie SCR536, designed strictly for the United States military, in 1940. The Handie-Talkie was a portable two-way AM radio. During the 1940s to the 1960s, the Galvin Manufacturing Corporation (later named Motorola) focused on building two-way radios for business, peace officers, and also entertainment radios for the consumers. By 1943, they had created the world’s first FM two-way radio. The SCR300 backpack model was again designed by military purposes. It weighed in at about 35 pounds and had a range of distance from ten to twenty miles.

At the beginning of 1946, radiotelephone services made its way to the United States where it gained popularity. Phones were made available in cars, being labeled as mobile telephones or “car phones.” In 1958, Motorola introduced the Motrac radio, the first two-way radio installed in a vehicle. The vehicle did not have to be running since it used low power. With consumers experience long wait times due to the limited frequencies available, car phones allowed only few calls at a time. By 1968, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) proposed to allocate frequencies, ranging for 800-900 MHz, for a new technology. That proposal turned out to be “cellular technology.” A concept developed by Bell Laboratories (now AT&T) a few years earlier. For more use of car phones, geographical areas were broken into small adjacent cells.

By 1973, Motorola presented the FCC with a working prototype portable phone, the DynaTAC. DynaTAC stands for DYNamic Adaptive Total Area Coverage. With the FCC impressed, Motorola had to use innovative engineering to develop a system where users can make phone calls without a high rate of dropped calls. The DynaTAC was approved in 1983, and became available to consumers in 1984. It was the world’s first commercial portable cellular phone.

In the 1990s, Motorola had been becoming an innovator in the mobile phone industry. In 1991, the world’s first GSM system was demonstrated in Hanover, Germany. Three years later, they combined paging, data and communication, and voice dispatch into a single radio network and handset. It was the world’s first commercial digital radio system called iDEN Digital Radio. A year later, they presented the world’s first two-way pager. In 1996, they had created the world’s smallest and lightest phone named StarTAC. The Motorola iDEN i1000plus, which was introduced in 1999, was the world's first to combine a digital phone, two-way radio, alphanumeric pager, Internet micro-browser, e-mail, fax and two-way messaging.

Continuing onto the present, Motorola developed the world’s first GPRS system along with the world’s first GPRS phone, the Motorola Timeport P7389i. With technological advances Motorola was able to combine a Linux operating system with Java and PDA functions to the Motorola A760 in 2003.

LG
LG was established in 1958 under the name GoldStar and has focused its developments on technology. It was later renamed to LG electronics in 1995, which stands for Life’s Good.

LG supplied the first CDMA handset in the world to Ameritech and GTE in the United States in 1997. In 2000, Marconi Wireless of Italy received synchronous IMT-2000s. International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) is the global standard for third generation wireless communication approved by the International Telecommunication Union. In the same year, LG significantly exported their products to US based Verizon Wireless. In 2001, LG established a market leadership in Australia for CDMA phones and exported GSM phones to Russia, Indonesia, and Italy. Europe received a full-scale import of GPRS colour phones in 2002, while China establishes a CDMA production line and research and development center. LG was listed the top global producer of CDMA phones in 2003 and entered the GSM market in Northern Europe and the Middle East. In 2005, LG became the fourth largest supplier of mobile phones. In the meantime they created a world first the 3G UMTS-DMB (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System-Digital Multimedia Broadcasting) handset.

BlackBerry
BlackBerry was introduced in 1999 as a two-way pager. Three years passed and BlackBerry released their smart phones. They are supported by email, web browsing, and other informative services that help relay information back and forth. The design of the BlackBerry has a built-in QWERTY keyboard and supports numerous applications.

Apple
Apple announced the iPhone, their one and only phone, on January 9, 2007. The iPhone follows the designs of the iPod Touch, as it looks very similar. The iPhone uses a touch interface and has been released twice. There has been the first generation iPhones which were the first ones to be released, and the second generation. The iPhone has many of the functions of a smart phone and can also support numerous applications like BlackBerry.

Target Age Groups and Marketing Tactics
Cell phones have been sweeping the nation, and becoming a must in many people’s lives. Advertising occurs even when we don’t expect it to such as during your favorite prime time television show. The characters could be using the latest cell phones which is a form of advertising and a way to target people. Not only do they get advertisement for their products but these shows can create quite a revenue from these companies who are willing to pay to have their products advertised. But seeing them being used by your favorite character make people want the phone a lot more, therefore this form could be very successful. Cell phones have been advertised as a way to be able to connect to everyone, through either text messaging or through phone calls. Cell phone companies have been targeting many groups in order to make a profit through the use of many different marketing techniques. Some techniques include having advertisements/commercials directed towards different age groups.

Many teens view the cell phones as an essential part of life, and believe it is part of their identity. Not only does it give them the opportunity to connect with their friends it’s also a way to set “popularity”, by having the latest, coolest cell phones. Which makes them a very desirable target, and why marketing works so well when directed towards them. An example of how teenagers can be targeted can be demonstrated by the virgin mobile, and how there advertisements in CosmoGirl magazine had good results. They used a tear out phone in the inside where they tried to market the idea of a “parent trap” where they would try to convince their parents to pay for a contract, because a pay-as-you-go would not work for all the chatter they would do. Which is a very imaginative way in which they target young women.

Not only are teenagers targeted by also pre-teens are commonly being targeted and advertisements for both the parents, and the pre-teens are going around. The parents get the idea out of the marketing that they could get a hold of their kids whenever they needed to, and have come up with clever plans which include “family plans” in which having a plan seems cheap. Pre-teens are targeted from television/commercials, and in magazines, and they try to make cell-phones very desirable because everyone has them. It is common to find that the marketing is being directed towards pre-teens/teenagers. Not only is this age group constantly on their phones but they also seem to be buying them, or begging for new ones from their parents. Many other marketing techniques include the use of the internet by having advertisements on the social networking and other popular websites, as well as e-mails being sent to aware people of new devices. Teenagers can be directly targeted by social net-working sites because they are most common to use them, but it also can target many other age groups. Although the teens seem to be driving some of the most advanced mobile trends, there is still the older generation such as the parents who seem to be getting targeted to.

Cell phone marketing can be seen on buses, newspaper/magazine as advertisements, pretty much anywhere you go. They use many tactics to try and lure customers in by offering many desirable features. Such features include having unlimited text/picture messaging which very popular amongst teenagers. They also have phones that seem to have everything imaginable in them. Not only are they phones but now mp3 players are included, cameras which take pictures and videos, GPS, games, internet, downloads such as ringtones, television, and calendars/calculators. Different models such as blackberry’s, and smart phones seem to be becoming out yearly and tend to be very desirable with all the features that are offered with them. This shows another way in which companies continue to market their products by continually advancing there technologies. Mobile companies have been very smart on how they have marketed the cell phone, there are not many people without cell phones these days, and the popularity

Common Applications Currently Used:
- Store contact information

- Make task or to-do lists

- Keep track of appointments and set reminders

- Built-in calculator for simple math

- Send or receive e-mail

- Send text messages

- Get information (news, entertainment, stock quotes) from the Internet

- Play games

- Watch TV

- Integrate other devices such as PDAs, MP3 players and GPS receivers

In Japan, a phone is more than a device for texting and talking, it also carries a feature called “E-money” - a built in credit card that allows convenient payment for all purchases made by the user.

From Cell Phone to Handheld Computer:
- We believe that the future generation of cellphones will perform with the equivalent efficiency and functions of a computer. With the combination of advancing nano technologies in cellphones, slimmer frames will allow these portable structures to be conveniently handled. As the the size of cellphones minimizes, the number of functions will expand, providing an increase in applications for its users to access. - The current leading trend in touch screens will influence future designs in mobiles to develop more innovative and revolutionary touch screen features. Buttons will be replaced with touch sensitive pads, built-in to the wide screens of the phones, allowing both a bigger typing and viewing space for the user.

Possible Future Cellphones:
- Integrated webcams for face-to-face conversations

- Internet access ability through integrated broadband

- Cellphones will store files and documents, just like your desktop computers

- Accessibility to paying fees by using your phone (built in credit card and debit card)

- Increase in the design and use of touch screens

- Size of cellphones would decrease in length and width

- Better security features ex. Fingerprint identification