Evolution of the Internet: Group 2 (Ali Karmali, Richard Kobi, Michelle Kopchia, Hai Man, Kayzra Mulji)

Project Statement
In today's society, the Internet plays a vital role. From providing information to online banking, almost anything can be accomplished using the Internet. As society is evolving usage trends are changing. The Internet has come a long way from when it started out. With its growing expansion, many positive and negative aspects are revealed. Users of the Internet are now able to select from various different web browsers to use, that cater to the many different needs of the user.

Arguement
The Internet has helped society bridge gaps between communication. It has contributed to the wealth of knowledge that now surrounds our society. We believe that it is beneficial to society as a whole.

1836
The electrical telegraph is patented. The electrical telegraph is an old-fashioned system used for communication. The telegraph works by transmitting electrical signals over wires from location to location. These signals are then translated into messages. Many of the telegraphs invented during this time period were based on electromagnetism. Samuel Morse furthered this idea to create his own more practical and commercial telegraph. Samuel Morse proved that signals could be transmitted by wire. He used pulses of current to deflect an electromagnet, which moved a marker to produce written codes on a strip of paper. This is the invention of Morse code.

1866
July 27, the first Transatlantic Cable is operational. It took twelve years and five attempts to lay the cable at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean. Cyrus Fields was a major innovator of this cable. Fields found many other backers of the production and lying of the Transatlantic Cable. The Transatlantic Cable lies between Heart’s Content, Newfoundland and Valentia, Ireland. The Transatlantic Cable is a cable used for telegraphic communication.

1876
Telephone exhibited by Alexander Graham Bell. Alexander Graham Bell and Elisha Gray were in competition to build the first telephone. Alexander Bell made it to the patent office just hours before Gray. Thus, declaring Alexander Graham Bell the inventor of the telephone. Bell’s basic idea was the “harmonic telegraph”. He believed that many notes could be sent simultaneously along the same wire if they differed in pitch. Mr. Bell enlisted the help of Thomas Watson a young electrician. They both realized that for the telephone to work, they would need to build a transmitter with a membrane capable of varying electronic currents and a receiver that would reproduce these variations in audible frequencies. The first sound ever heard over the “harmonic telegraph was a twang of a clock spring. The first voice heard over the telephone was Mr. Bell speaking through the phone to his assistant. “Mr. Watson come here I want to see you” are the famous words spoken on March 10, 1876, finalizing the success of the telephone.

1945
Vannevar Bush writes an article about a device called a Memex which could make and follow links between documents on microfiche. Vannevar Bush was President Roosevelt’s science advisor. He is the first to be credited for the hypertext concept. His vision for hypertext was seen as an effort to mechanize scientific literature. In the concept of Memex, he introduced the idea of a machine that can use links to create connections between documents. The Memex would contain a very broad library of documents, sketches and personal notes. The technology explained to store information was microfilms and photocells. Bush did not foresee the computer technology of today, but he did realize many technological breakthroughs were needed to make the Memex a reality. The Memex has never been made into a real system. But Vannevar’s ideas have influenced many years of development of hypertext and hypertext systems.

1957
USSR launches Sputnik, first artificial earth satellite: the start of global telecommunications. Sputnik 1 was launched by the Russians on October 4, 1957. It was the world’s first artificial satellite. Sputnik weighed 183 pounds and took 98 minutes to orbit the earth. The launch sparked new political, military, technological and scientific developments. The launch also marked the start of the space age and the U.S. and U.S.S.R. space race. Sputnik is also responsible for the creation of NASA.

1958
In response to Sputnik, Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) is created by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). On February 7, 1958 the Department of Defense created Advanced Research Projects Agency. APRA was the United States first response to the soviet launch of Sputnik. The duties of the APRA were maintaining the United States lead in developing and applying state-of-the-art technologies to military capabilities.

1960’s
Doug Engelbart prototypes an “oNLine System” (NLS) which does hypertext browsing and editing. He invents the mouse for this purpose. By 1968 Engelbart and a group of young computer scientists and electrical engineers he assembled in the Augmentation Research Center at SRI were able to stage a 90-minute public multimedia demonstration of a networked computer system. This was the world debut of the computer mouse, 2-dimensional display editing, hypermedia--including in-file object addressing and linking, multiple windows with flexible view control, and on-screen video teleconferencing.

1965
Ted Nelson coins the word Hypertext in the publication Literary Machines. 1965 Definition: •Nelson published the article “A File Structure for the Complex, the Changing and the Indeterminate”. Introducing the terms “hypertext” and “hypermedia”. •Let me introduce the word ‘hypertext’ to mean a body of written or pictorial material interconnected in such a complex way that it could not conveniently be presented or represented on paper.

1969
The beginning of the Internet: ARPANET commissioned by DoD for research into networking. ARPANET commissioned by DOD for research into networking. The first node at UCLA, and soon after that at, Stanford Research Institute (SRI), CSB, IBM and U of Utah. The use of Information Message Processors (IMP) developed by Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc.

1971
People first communicate over a network. There are 15 nodes (23 hosts) on ARPANET. E-Mail is invented. Ray Tomlinson gave society one of the greatest communication tools in history. He invented email back in 1971. Essentially fostering global business communication and turning the Internet into a digital kitchen table for far-flung family members. The MIT grad is one of the forefathers of the Internet, working on ARPANET, the forerunner to the Internet, along with workstations, super computers and a slew of protocols.

1972
The first public demonstration of ARPANET, thus, connects 40 machines. Ray Tomlinson modifies email program for ARPANET where it becomes a quick hit.

1976
Queen Elizabeth sends out an email.

1980
Tim Berners-Lee writes a notebook program, “Enquire-Within-Upon-Everything”, which allows links to be made between arbitrary nodes. Each node had a title, a type, and a list of bidirectional typed links.

Internet Trends
Internet helps us to “link” with the world instantly. By using the Internet, we can obtain information and gather multimedia whenever we want. The growing popularity of Internet has become more handy and easy to access. In the near future, we expect the following trends with the usage of the Internet:

Education Usage
The trend of Internet usage is spreading to all education levels. This is because the Internet has a very high accessibility and also contains a lot of information. Additionally, the Internet allows teachers and students to communicate with each without meeting and provides needed materials for students to access. For example, Desire 2 Learn (D2L) and Blackboard.

Household Usage
There are several reasons why households will have an increasing Internet usage in the future. One of the reasons is because by having Internet access at home it is handy for both work and private use. For example, checking e-mails and online shopping are quite popular. Secondly, the correlation between the Internet and the computers are significant. As the computers are getting easier to use and getting more affordable over time, people have a higher chance of knowing how to use the Internet.

Field Usage
When the Internet was first introduced to the public, we used it mostly for e-mail and research. But now, we use it for all sorts of daily things, such as reading newspapers, Skype, and MSN. Moreover, there is a trend that many applications requires Internet for certain purpose. For example, software updates.

Social Networking Usage
As computers are getting easier to use and getting more affordable over time, people have a greater chance of knowing how to use the Internet. Therefore, forums are made in order to let people discuss. This allows people to discuss many things and it is becoming very popular because it allows people to say what they really want to say in their mind, regardless of race, gender and age. In addition, because the Internet allows us to communicate with each other in an instant, social network websites are very popular. It allows us to know people across the world; it is like meeting pen pals through the Internet. However, there are a lot of potential dangers because what you see may not be what you get.

Business Usage
Because of globalization, companies are competing against each other throughout the world. As a result, the demand of Internet usage by business companies has increased throughout the past years. By using the Internet, businesses can not only advertise, but also sell their products online. In addition, it is also easier for them to advertise to their “targeted customers” by just posting advertisement on selected websites only. Moreover, online conferences and e-mail are being used greatly by businesses as it saves a lot of time so that they are able to make faster decisions.

Shopping Usage
Internet usage is increasing every day, which means business opportunities for many people. There is an increasing trend of online shopping and auctioning. There are several reasons why people would shop online: because it is handy for both work and private use. For example, Person A wants to buy a custom bass guitar. In the past, he/she might have to buy it from a local store. With the Internet, he/she can buy it just buy it by filling out an order form online and paying the shipping, insurance and the guitar’s fee at once. Online shopping (depending on scenario) saves the customers a lot of time. In addition, avoids the unnecessary “middle-man” throughout the purchasing process.

Different Browsers
Competition works to ensure that consumers are getting the best products out there. The Internet is one area where there is much competition. Many different companies have created different browsers claiming to be better than the rest. The most commonly known browsers are: The most common web browsers are: Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox and Apple's Safari.
 * Internet Explorer
 * Mozilla Firefox
 * Mozilla Navigator
 * Apple's Safari
 * Netscape Navigator
 * Netscape Communicator
 * Opera
 * Google Chrome
 * Mosaic

Internet Explorer
Internet Explorer was started in the summer of 1994 and it was first released as part of the add-on package Plus! for Windows 95. Internet Explorer 1 debuted in August 1995. It uses a zone based security framework which groups’ sites together based on certain conditions. It is the most used web browser and has many add ons. Internet Explorer is the default browser that comes with Windows. The usage is higher in Asia and Europe. The lasts version, Internet Explorer 8, includes key features such as accelerators which allow users to map directions and even translate words with just a few clicks of your mouse, in private browsing, web slices, search suggestions, smart screen filter, enhanced navigation, increased performance, and improved favourites and history management.

Mozilla Firefox
Mozilla Firefox is a web browser that relies on the extension system to allow users to modify the browser according to their requirements. It is the second most popular browser in current worldwide use. Some many features include: tabbed browsing, a spell checker, incremental find, live bookmarking, a download manager, and an integrated search engine. This browser has received many awards such as the PC Magazine Editors’ Choice award. Firefox also has many other features such as: one-click bookmarking, instant web site ID, full zoom, a password manager and a smart location bar.

Apple's Safari
Safari is a web browser developed by Apple for the Max OS operating system. It is also available to be downloaded to Windows XP and Vista. It has many features that make it similar to Internet Explorer and Firefox such as tabbed browsing, bookmark management, and pop up blocking. For users that have a Mac computer they are able to save parts of web pages as web clips that they are able to view on the Apple Dashboard. Some other features of Safari are: text search, spell check, expandable text boxes, automatic filling in of web forms, built in password management, and mail integration.

What the Internet is Today
A Timeline of the Internet 1980-2009

1982
The Internet is an international network of interconnected computer systems which supports various protocols for navigation of remotely hosted data in numerous formats. The most frequently used part of the Internet is the World Wide Web, which offers millions of websites, and is growing literally every day, created for numerous reasons including commercial, educational, and informational purposes.

1982-1989
In 1984 an Englishman named Tim Bernes-Lee was working for CERN, European Particle Physics Laboratory, and came to the conclusion that physicists had no way to share data around the world. He tackled this problem for five years, creating the software and many other components that he believed were necessary to accomplish this task. Finally in 1989 he invented the World Wide Web, an Internet-based hypermedia initiative for global information sharing.

1991
On August 6, 1991, Berners-Lee posted a short summary of the World Wide Web project on the alt.hypertext newsgroup. This date also marked the debut of the Web as a publicly available service on the Internet. Even though the WWW project was created to assist physicists and universities in sharing valuable information, the public sector soon realized the incredible possibilities that the WWW project held for them.

1992
Jean Armour Polly is a librarian by profession, the author of a series of books on safe Internet services, and the “mother of the internet”. Polly is credited with creating the phrase "Surfing the Internet", being the author of the first known appearance of the phrase in print, in an article called Surfing the INTERNET, published in the University of Minnesota Wilson Library Bulletin in June, 1992. In 1992 the popularity of the info.cern.ch was expanding rapidly, the number of daily hits to the world’s first web server was increasing at an astronomical rate, doubling every three to four months. After one year, the number had increased by a factor of ten.

1993
The real popularity boom for the World Wide Web was the introduction of the Mosaic web browser in 1993, a graphical browser at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), led by Marc Andreessen. Funding for Mosaic, which would later be developed into Netscape Navigator, came from the High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative, a funding program initiated by then-Senator Al Gore's High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991 also known as the Gore Bill. Also, in April 1993 CERN had agreed that anyone could use the Web protocol and code royalty-free; this was in part a reaction to the outrage caused by the University of Minnesota announcing that it would begin charging fees for its implementation of the Gopher protocol.

1995
The internet was growing at an exponential rate, doubling every three of four months during 1995 and 1996.

1996
By 1996 it became obvious to nearly all publicly traded companies that a public Web presence was no longer optional. At first people saw mainly the possibilities of free publishing and instant worldwide information, increasing familiarity with two-way communication over the "Web" led to the possibility of direct Web-based commerce (e-commerce) and instantaneous group communications worldwide. More dotcoms, displaying products on hypertext web pages, were added into the Web. Microsoft also begins its epic history in 1996. Also in 1996 people realize that long distant phone calls over the internet can be done for free, but the quality of these calls were less than spectacular. But companies begin to emerge to assist these problems, such as Vonage which has a massive customer base today.

1997
Advances in computer networking combined with much improved home computers and modern operating systems made streaming media practical and affordable for ordinary people. This year also saw a huge increase in the commercialization of the internet, raising its popularity even more.

1998
Electronic commerce, commonly known as (electronic marketing) e-commerce or eCommerce, consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks.

1999
The concept of online banking as we know it today dates back to the early 1980s, when it was first envisioned and experimented with. However, on October 6 1995 Presidential Savings Bank first announced their webpage open for regular client use. The idea was instantly picked up by other banks lincluding Wells Fargo, Chase Manhattan and Security First Network Bank. Today, quite a few banks operate solely via the Internet and have no ‘four-walls’ entity at all.

The German company Fraunhofer-Gesellshaft developed MP3 technology and now licenses the patent rights to the audio compression technology. The inventors named on the MP3 patent are Bernhard Grill, Karl-Heinz Brandenburg, Thomas Sporer, Bernd Kurten, and Ernst Eberlein. In 1987, the prestigious Fraunhofer Institut Integrierte Schaltungen research center (part of Fraunhofer Gesellschaft) began researching high quality, low bit-rate audio coding, a project named EUREKA project EU147, Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB).

2002
During 2002, multiple numbers of companies found success developing business models that helped make the World Wide Web a more gripping experience. These include airline booking sites, Google's search engine and its profitable approach to simplified, keyword-based advertising, as well as Ebay's do-it-yourself auction site and Amazon.com's big selection of books This new era also begot social networking websites, such as MySpace, Xanga, Friendster, and Facebook, which, though unpopular at first, very rapidly gained acceptance in becoming a major part of youth culture

2005
Internet Ad Revenue created more than 16.5 Billion dollars.

2008
215 million online in the U.S. (71.4% of U.S. population)

1,464 million online worldwide (21.9% of world population)

2009
1 billion users around the globe are surfing the Internet every month

Advantages
Internet evolution has come a long way since dial up. Today all around the world many people are using the Internet each and every day. There are many good things about the Internet now today than form the past; it has come a long way from evolving to what it is today. Before we had to use our telephone in order to connect to establish an Internet connection, but now with a simple click we are able to get online without disengaging our telephone. Now the Internet is available on mobile phones and even iPod’s as well. There are also many web sites that we can now visit that can help us with so many things. In the twenty-first century people are using the Internet for their own career. The Internet has evolved to be the biggest and most useful technology used in the world today and will be for the near future.

Disadvantages
The Internet today has evolved from the past. With this evolution comes many problems that users face. Hackers are in great abundance and will do anything they possibly can to hack into anything they feel the need to. Even though there are special programs in place that can help hacking from happen, it still does. Internet scams are present every time a user is online. They are quite deceiving and result in much grievance from the user. With this comes Internet fraud. One such example is the input of credit card numbers into various websites. The user assumes that the site is safe but the next thing they know is that they have been part of some fraud that has taken their number and is using their card in very wrong ways. It is important that the many Internet users are aware of what dangerous things the Internet holds and they must be very cautious and protect themselves while online.

Refernces
Michelle
 * http://inventors.about.com/od/tstartinventions/a/telegraph.htm
 * http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/history_center/transatlantic_cable.html
 * http://inventors.about.com/od/bstartinventors/a/telephone.htm
 * http://www.it.teithe.gr/~cs1msa/memex__1945_.htm
 * http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blsatellite.htm
 * http://www.answers.com/topic/defense-advanced-research-projects-agency
 * http://sloan.stanford.edu/MouseSite/About.html
 * http://dc-mrg.english.ucsb.edu/conference/CNCSC/multimedia/documents/wardrip-fruin.pdf
 * http://project.cyberpunk.ru/idb/hobbes_internet_timeline.html
 * http://itmanagement.earthweb.com/entdev/article.php/1408411
 * http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/

Tristan
 * http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Internet_users_per_100_inhabitants_1997-2007_ITU.png
 * http://blogs.zdnet.com/ITFacts/?cat=2

Kayzra
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)
 * http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/features/enhanced-navigation.aspx?tabid=1&catid=1
 * http://www.mozilla.com/en-US/firefox/features/
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Web_browser_usage_share.svg

Richard
 * http://technorati.com/r/tag/internet
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web
 * http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Armour_Polly
 * http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~chazelle/courses/BIB/history-web.pdf
 * http://ezinearticles.com/?A-Brief-History-of-Internet-Telephony&id=333455
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce
 * http://inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/a/MPThree.htm
 * http://ezinearticles.com/?History-of-Online-Banking&id=270075
 * http://www.whichvoip.com/what-is-history-of-broadband.htm
 * http://www.brennerbooks.com/interestingfacts.html
 * http://www.bizwaremagic.com/quick_internet_history.htm
 * http://www.hongkiat.com/blog/15-facts-on-global-internet-usage/

Ali
 * http://www.ultrashock.com/blog/serverside/info-cern-ch-the-origin-of-the-world-wide-web-134.html
 * http://tin.le.org/vault/wireless/internet.growth.myth.html
 * http://www.microsoft.com/misc/features/features_flshbk.htm